Jnk inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel compounds of formula (I) and their use in the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases. The present invention further provides the use of these compounds in medicine, in particular in the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders related to apoptosis and/or inflammation.

The present invention relates to novel compounds, their use in the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases, their use in medicine and particularly in the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders related to apoptosis and/or inflammation. The invention also provides processes for manufacture of said compounds, compositions containing them and processes for manufacturing such compositions.

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (hereinafter referred to as “JNKs”) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. JNKs are involved in response to various stimuli, including proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. JNKs, and JNK3 in particular, play an important role during apoptotic death of cells and therefore have been implicated in various disorders including stroke, traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and others. Since JNK activity is a physiological regulator of AP-1 transcriptional activity, JNK inhibitors are expected to reduce inflammatory response.

Apoptosis is a form of cell death in which the cell actively participates in its own destruction in a process involving a characteristic series of biochemical and morphological changes, which are regulated by specific cell death genes. The apoptotic cell death is a process that has been observed in the developing mammalian nervous system. In mice, the inactivation by homologous recombination of genes that encode proteins that promote apoptosis, such as the caspase-3 or the Bax protein, prevents developmental neuronal cell death. The destruction of genes that encode cell death suppressors such as Bcl-x, leads to enhanced neuronal cell death. There is increasing evidence that apoptosis plays an important role in the pathology of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. For example, in transgenic mice overexpressing the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in the nervous system there is a decrease in infarct volume following cerebral ischemia. Similarly, injection of the caspase inhibitor BAF reduces neuronal cell death following hypoxia/ischaemia in neonatal rats. Another example is spinal muscular atrophy (a motor neuron disease) where loss of function mutations in the SMN gene is associated with the disease. Recent data has shown that the wild type SMN protein binds to Bcl-2 and co-operates with it to inhibit apoptosis. These results suggest that inhibitors of neuronal apoptosis could be beneficial in the treatment of human neurodegenerative diseases. There is increasing evidence that neuronal apoptosis is an important pathological feature of stroke, traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, pharmacotherapy using inhibitors of neuronal apoptosis may provide a therapeutic benefit in neurodegenerative conditions.

A number of groups have studied the mechanisms of neuronal cell death using in vitro cell culture systems and the results suggest that in some systems the transcription factor c-Jun is activated by the removal of survival signals and promotes cell death.

Antibodies specific for c-Jun protected NGF-deprived rat sympathetic neurones from apoptosis. Analogous neuroprotection due to expression of a c-Jun dominant negative mutant has been demonstrated, whereas overexpression of wild type c-Jun protein was sufficient to induce apoptosis in the presence of NGF. Estus and co-workers recently showed that an increase in c-Jun RNA levels occurs in cortical neurones undergoing apoptosis after treatment with β-amyloid peptide. It has also been shown that c-Jun is required for apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurones deprived of survival signals.

c-Jun is activated by JNKs, which phosphorylate its transcriptional activation domain. In humans there are three JNK genes: JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3. The RNAs encoding JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed in many tissues, including the brain, but JNK3 is restricted to the nervous system and to a smaller extent the heart and testes.

JNKs are strongly activated in cellular responses to various stresses such as UV radiation, heat shock, osmotic shock, DNA-damaging agents, and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β and others. Upstream regulators of the JNK pathway include kinases such as SEK1, MKK7 and MEKK1. There is evidence that Jun kinase activity is required for neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Overexpression of MEKK1 in sympathetic neurones increased c-Jun protein levels and phosphorylation and induced apoptosis in the presence of NGF indicating that activation of the Jun kinase pathway can trigger neuronal cell death. The Jun kinase pathway has been shown to be necessary for the death of differentiated PC12 cells deprived of NGF. Furthermore, compound CEP-1347, which inhibits the c-Jun pathway (upstream of Jun kinase), protects motor neurones against cell death induced by survival factor withdrawal.

In JNK3 homozygous (-/-) knockout mice, epileptic seizures and death of hippocampal CA3 neurones induced by injection of kainic acid is blocked. This indicates that JNK3 is involved in certain forms of neuronal cell death in vivo. It is also a critical component of GluR6-mediated excitotoxicity. Furthermore, JNK3 (-/-) mice appear to develop normally and are viable suggesting that JNK3 is not essential for development or viability.

Strong nuclear JNK3 immunoreactivity in the brain CA1 neurones of patients with acute hypoxia suggests that JNK3 is involved in hypoxia-related neurodegeneration. Transient hypoxia, may also trigger apoptosis through JNK signaling pathway in developing brain neurones.

Furthermore, JNK3 immunoreactivity is colocalized with Alzheimer disease-affected neurones. Moreover JNK3 is related to neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer disease. In particular, JNK3 induces robust phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) thus affecting its metabolism in disease state.

The present inventors have provided compounds, which are inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinases.

The first aspect of the invention therefore relates to a compound of formula (I) as illustrated below:

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl group, Y is N or C and Z is lone electron pair, hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR², (CH₂)_(n)NR² ₂, CO₂R², COR², CONR² ₂, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R²)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in Z is optionally substituted by R³, COR³, SO₂R³ or CO₂R³;

wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3;

wherein R² is hydrogen , C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₁₂alkylC₃₋₁₆carbocyclyl or C₁₋₁₂alkylC₃₋₁₂heterocyclyl optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁴, SR⁴, NO₂, CN, NR⁴R⁴, NR⁴COR⁴, NR⁴CONR⁴R⁴, NR⁴COR⁴, NR⁴CO₂R⁴, CO₂R⁴, COR⁴, CONR⁴ ₂, S(O)₂R⁴, SONR⁴ ₂, S(O)R⁴, SO₂NR⁴R⁴, NR⁴S(O)₂R⁴, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁴)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁴ may be the same or different and is as defined below;

wherein two R² in NR² ₂ may form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted with one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, OR⁵, SR⁵, NO₂, CN, NR⁵ ₂, NR⁵COR⁵, NR⁵CONR⁵ ₂, NR⁵COR⁵, NR⁵CO₂R⁵, CO₂R⁵, COR⁵, CONR⁵ ₂, S(O)₂R⁵, SONR⁵ ₂, S(O)R⁵, SO₂NR⁵ ₂, or NR⁵S(O)₂R⁵; and each saturated carbon in the optional ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁶ ₂, ═N—OR⁶, ═NNR⁶COR⁶, ═NNR⁶CO₂R⁶, ═NNSO₂R⁶, or ═NR⁶;

wherein R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₆₋₁₂ aryl;

wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl;

wherein R⁵ is hydrogen , C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁷, SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷R⁷, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷R⁷, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, SONR⁷ ₂, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷R⁷, NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁷)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁷ may be the same or different and is as defined below;

wherein R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁷, SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷R⁷, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷R⁷, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷R⁷, NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁷)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁷ may be the same or different and is as defined below;

wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl

wherein the optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group in R¹ and Z is optionally and independently fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon atom in R¹ or Z, including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR¹², (CH₂)_(n)NR¹² ₂, OR¹², SR¹², NO₂, CN, NR¹² ₂, NR¹²COR¹², NR¹²CONR¹² ₂, NR¹²COR¹², NR¹²CO₂R¹², CO₂R¹², COR¹², CONR¹² ₂, S(O)₂R², SONR¹² ₂, S(O)R¹², SO₂NR¹² ₂, or NR¹²S(O)₂R¹² wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R¹²)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR¹³ ₂, ═N—OR¹³, ═NNR¹³COR¹³, ═NNR¹³CO₂R¹³, ═NNSO₂R³, or ═NR¹³; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R¹⁴, COR¹⁴, SO₂R¹⁴ or CO₂R¹⁴;

wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3;

wherein R¹² is hydrogen , C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵COR¹⁵, NR¹⁵CONR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵COR¹⁵, NR¹⁵CO₂R¹⁵, CO₂R¹⁵, COR¹⁵, CONR¹⁵ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁵, SONR¹⁵ ₂, S(O)R¹⁵, SO₂NR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵S(O)₂R¹⁵, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁵)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁵ may be the same or different and is as defined below;

wherein two R¹² in NR¹² ₂ may form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted with one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁶ ₂, NR¹⁶COR¹⁶, NR¹⁶CONR¹⁶ ₂, NR¹⁶COR¹⁶, NR¹⁶CO₂R¹⁶, CO₂R¹⁶ ₇ COR¹⁶, CONR¹⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁶, SONR¹⁶ ₂, S(O)R¹⁶, SO₂NR¹⁶ ₂, or NR¹⁶S(O)₂R¹⁶; and each saturated carbon in the optional ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR¹⁷ ₂, ═N—OR¹⁷, ═NNR¹⁷COR¹⁷, ═NNR¹⁷CO₂R¹⁷, ═NNSO₂R¹⁷, or ═NR¹⁷;

wherein R¹³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵COR¹⁵, NR¹⁵CONR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵CORR¹⁵, NR¹⁵CO₂R¹⁵, CO₂R¹⁵, COR¹⁵, CONR¹⁵ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁵, S(O)R¹⁵, SO₂NR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵S(O)₂R¹⁵, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁵)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁵ may be the same or different and is as defined below;

wherein R¹⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₆₋₁₂ aryl;

wherein R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₆ haloalkyl;

wherein R¹⁶ is hydrogen , C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁸, SR¹⁸, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CONR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CO₂R¹⁸, CO₂R¹⁸, COR¹⁸, CONR¹⁸ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁸, SONR¹⁸ ₂, S(O)R¹⁸, SO₂NR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸S(O)₂R¹⁸, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁸)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁸ may be the same or different and is as defined below;

wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁸, SR¹⁸, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CONR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CO₂R¹⁸, CO₂R¹⁸, COR¹⁸, CONR¹⁸ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁸, S(O)R¹⁸, SO₂NR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸S(O)₂R¹⁸, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁸)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁸ may be the same or different and is as defined below;

wherein R¹⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and other pharmaceutically acceptable biohydrolyzable derivatives thereof, including esters, amides, carbamates, carbonates, ureides, solvates, hydrates, affinity reagents or prodrugs thereof.

For the avoidance of doubt when a group as defined above contains two or more radicals e.g. the radical R¹³ as for example in the groups SO₂NR¹³R¹³ and NR¹³COR¹³, the two or more radicals, e.g. R¹³, may be the same or different.

For the purposes of all aspects of this invention, alkyl relates to both straight chain and branched alkyl radicals of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms and most preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl. In particular, alkyl relates to a group having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms. The term alkyl also encompasses cycloalkyl radicals including but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, CH₂-cyclopropyl, CH₂-cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. In particular, cycloalkyl relates to a group having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted or fused to one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group. Haloalkyl relates to an alkyl radical as defined above preferably having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms substituted with one or more halide atoms for example one or more of F, Cl, Br or I, such as CH₂CH₂Br, CF₃ or CCl₃.

The term “alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched alkylenyl radical of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and most preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and includes but is not limited to ethylene, n-propyl-1-ene, n-propyl-2-ene, isopropylene, etc. In particular, alkenyl relates to a group having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms. The term “alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched alkynyl radical of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and most preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and includes but is not limited to ethynyl, 2-methylethynyl etc. In particular, alkynyl relates to a group having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms.

“Carbocyclyl” relates to a saturated, partly unsaturated or unsaturated 3-12 membered hydrocarbon ring, preferably a 6-12 membered hydrocarbon ring, including cycloalkyl and aryl.

“Aryl” means an aromatic 3-12 membered hydrocarbon preferably a 6-12 membered hydrocarbon containing one ring or being fused to one or more saturated or unsaturated rings including but not limited to phenyl, napthyl, anthracenyl or phenantrracenyl.

“Heteroaryl” means an aromatic 3-12 membered aryl preferably a 5-12 membered aryl containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O or S and containing one ring or being fused to one or more saturated or unsaturated rings and;

“Heterocyclyl” means a 3-12 membered ring system preferably a 5-12 membered aryl containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O or S and includes heteroaryl. In particular, the terms “carbocyclyl”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl” and “heterocyclyl” relate to a group having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms.

The heterocyclyl system can contain one ring or may be fused to one or more saturated or unsaturated rings; the heterocyclyl can be fully saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated and includes but is not limited to heteroaryl and heterocarbocyclyl. Examples of carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups include but are not limited to cyclohexyl, phenyl, acridine, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, cinnoline, dioxin, dioxane, dioxolane, dithiane, dithiazine, dithiazole, dithiolane, furan, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, indole, indoline, indolizine, indazole, isoindole, isoquinoline, isoxazole, isothiazole, morpholine, napthyridine, oxazole, oxadiazole, oxathiazole, oxathiazolidine, oxazine, oxadiazine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, phthalazine, piperazine, piperidine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, quinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, quinolizine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiophene, thiadiazine, thiadiazole, thiatriazole, thiazine, thiazole, thiomorpholine, thianaphthalene, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, or trithiane.

For the purpose of the present invention, the term “fused” includes a polycyclic compound in which one ring contains one or more atoms preferably one, two or three atoms in common with one or more other ring.

Halogen means F, Cl, Br or I, preferably Br and F.

R¹ is preferably a five or six membered carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group wherein the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to one or more unsaturated rings.

R¹ is preferably selected from phenyl, cyclohexyl, acridine, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, furan, imidazole, indole, isoindole, isoquinoline, isoxazole, isothiazole, morpholine, napthaline, oxazole, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline, quinolizine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiophene, thiazole, thiomorpholine, thianaphthalene, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, or trithiane.

More preferably R¹ is phenyl, thiophene or pyridinyl.

As discussed above, R¹ can be optionally substituted at any position on the carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl or optional fused ring.

Substitution can occur at the ortho, meta or para positions relative to the pyridine ring. When R¹ is a six-membered ring, substitution is preferably at the ortho and/or para positions, more preferably at the ortho position.

R¹ is preferably substituted with one or more of OR¹², NR¹² ₂, SR¹², (CH₂)_(n)OR¹², (CH₂)_(n)NR¹² ₂, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, NO₂, CN, CO₂R¹², COR¹², CONR¹² ₂, S(O)₂R¹², S(O)R¹² or SO₂NR¹² ₂;

wherein R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₅₋₁₂ heterocyclyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl preferably phenyl, and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6,

and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R¹⁴, COR¹⁴, SO₂R¹⁴ or CO₂R¹⁴; wherein R¹⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₆₋₁₂ aryl;

Representative compounds according to the first aspect of the invention are illustrated below

The compounds of the first aspect may be provided as a salt, preferably as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of compounds of formula (I). Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds include a hydrate and those derived from organic acids such as acetic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulphonic acid, benzenesulphonic acid and p-toluenesulphonic acid, mineral acids such as hydrochloric and sulphuric acid and the like, giving methanesulphonate, benzenesulphonate, p-toluenesulphonate, hydrochloride and sulphate, and the like, respectively or those derived from bases such as organic and inorganic bases. Examples of suitable inorganic bases for the formation of salts of compounds for this invention include the hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of ammonia, lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium, aluminium, iron, magnesium, zinc and the like. Salts can also be formed with suitable organic bases. Such bases suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts with compounds of the present invention include organic bases, which are nontoxic and strong enough to form salts. Such organic bases are already well known in the art and may include amino acids such as arginine and lysine, mono-, di-, or trihydroxyalkylamines such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine, choline, mono-, di-, and trialkylamines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine, guanidine; N-methylglucosamine; N-methylpiperazine; morpholine; ethylenediamine; N-benzylphenethylamine; tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane; and the like.

Salts may be prepared in a conventional manner using methods well known in the art. Acid addition salts of said basic compounds may be prepared by dissolving the free base compounds according to the first or second aspects of the invention in aqueous or aqueous alcohol solution or other suitable solvents containing the required acid. Where a compound of the invention contains an acidic function, a base salt of said compound may be prepared by reacting said compound with a suitable base. The acid or base salt may separate directly or can be obtained by concentrating the solution e.g. by evaporation. The compounds of this invention may also exist in solvated or hydrated forms.

The invention also extends to a prodrug of the aforementioned compounds such as an ester or amide thereof. A prodrug is any compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to any of the compounds of the invention or to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the invention. A prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject but is converted in vivo to an active compound of the invention.

The compounds of the invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic and optically active forms. The compounds of the invention may exist in trans or cis form. The first aspect of the invention covers all of these compounds.

The second aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect of the invention wherein a compound of formula (III) is converted to a compound of formula (I) by the removal of the group R²⁰.

wherein R¹, Y and Z are as defined in the first aspect of the invention and R²⁰ is an amino protecting group.

Protection of the pyrrole nitrogen can be carried out by any suitable protecting group known in the art. Preferably R²⁰ is R³⁰SO₂, R³⁰C(O), (R³⁰ ₃Si, R³⁰OCH₂, (R³⁰)₂NSO₂, R³⁰OC(O), R³⁰(R³⁰O)CH, R³⁰CH₂CH₂, R³⁰CH₂, PhC(O)CH₂, CH₂═CH, ClCH₂CH₂, Ph₃C, Ph₂(4-pyridyl)C, Me₂N, HO—CH₂, R³⁰OCH₂, (R³⁰)SiOCH₂, (R³⁰O)₂CH, t-BuOC(O)CH₂, Me₂NCH₂ or tetrahydropyranylamine,

wherein R³⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl or naphthyl.

The conditions for the removal of the group R²⁰ will depend on the identity of the R²⁰ group. For example, when R²⁰ is sulfonamide, the compound of formula (I) can be produced by the treatment of the compound of formula (III) under basic conditions, for instance using sodium hydroxide in water/ethanol.

Preferably R²⁰ is sulfonamide, more preferably (R³⁰)₂NSO₂, most preferably benzenesulfonamide.

A compound of formula (I) may undergo one or more further reactions to provide a different compound of formula (I). For example, a compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction. In particular, a compound of formula (I) may undergo a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille (Angew. Chem., Int.ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343), or a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki (Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020), or Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

The third aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (III)

wherein R¹, Y and Z are as defined in the first aspect and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group defined in the second aspect of the invention.

The fourth aspect of the invention provides a process for the formation of a compound of formula (III) by the palladium catalyzed introduction of the group C≡Y—Z into compound (II).

wherein R¹ is as defined for the first aspect

wherein R²⁰ is an amino protecting group, such as R³⁰SO₂, R³⁰C(O), R³⁰ ₃Si, R³⁰OCH₂, (R³⁰)₂NSO₂, R³⁰OC(O), R³⁰(R³⁰O)CH, R³⁰CH₂CH₂, R³⁰CH₂, PhC(O)CH₂, CH₂═CH, ClCH₂CH₂, Ph₃C, Ph₂(4-pyridyl)C, Me₂N, HO—CH₂, R³⁰OCH₂, (R³⁰)₃SiOCH₂, (R³⁰)₂CH, t-BuOC(O)CH₂, Me₂NCH₂, or tetrahydropyranylamine,

wherein R³⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl, and wherein X¹ is F, Cl, Br I or CF₃SO₃ preferably I or Br.

More preferably R²⁰ is sulfonamide, most preferably benzenesulfonamide or (R³⁰)₂NSO₂.

When Y is N, compound (II) can be reacted under standard cyanation conditions (Sakamoto, T. and Ohsawa, K. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1999, 2323) to produce the compound of formula (III, Y═N).

Preferably, the compound of formula (III, Y═N) can be produced from a compound of formula (II) by incubation with CuCN, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) and a palladium catalyst such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium

When Y is C, compound (II) can be reacted with an acetylene derivative H—C≡C—Z under conditions similar to those used by Minakata et al. (Bull. Chem. 10 Soc. Jpn. 1992, 65, 2992) to produce a compound of formula (III, Y═C).

Preferably the compound of formula (III, Y═C) can be produced from a compound of formula (II) and acetylene H—C≡C—Z by incubation with PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ and CuI.

Methods for producing compound of formula (II) are disclosed in GB0305144.8.

A compound of formula (III) may undergo one or more further reactions to provide a different compound of formula (III). For example, a compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction. In particular, a compound of formula (III) may undergo a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille (Angew. Chem., Int.ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343), or a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki (Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020), or Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051, or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

The fifth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (III) as defined in the third aspect of the invention comprising a a) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with stannane R¹—Sn(R³¹)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with boronic acid or ester R¹—B(OR³²)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with silane R¹—Si(R³¹)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst

wherein R¹, Y and Z are as defined in the first aspect, X² is a halide, preferably selected from Cl, Br or I, more preferably Br and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in the second aspect of the invention;

wherein each of R³¹ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl,

wherein each of R³² is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³² groups together form a five, six or seven membered optionally ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group preferably methyl or ethyl. Preferably, R³² is hydrogen or both R³² groups form the group —C(CH₃)₂—C(CH₃)₂—.

wherein R³³ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, OH

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂ or (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃ (wherein dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option a) for the fifth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int.ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803 or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343),

The reaction set out as option b) for the fifth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki (Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020).

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option c) for the fifth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051, or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

The sixth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect of the invention comprising a a) reaction of a compound of formula (V) with stannane R¹—Sn(R³¹)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (V) with boronic acid or ester R¹—B(OR³²)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (V) with silane R¹—Si(R³¹)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst

wherein X² is as defined in the fifth aspect,

wherein R¹, Y and Z are as defined in the first aspect, and

wherein each of R³¹, R³², or R³³ are as defined in the fifth aspect

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂ or (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³—C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃ (wherein dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option a) for the sixth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int.ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803 or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343).

The reaction set out as option b) for the sixth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki (Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020).

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option c) for the sixth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051, or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

The seventh aspect provides a compound of formula (V)

wherein Y and Z are as defined in the first aspect

wherein X² is as defined in the fifth aspect, preferably X² is bromide.

The eighth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (V) as defined in the seventh aspect of the invention comprising the conversion of a compound of formula (IV) into a compound of formula (V) by removal of the group R²⁰,

wherein Y and Z are as defined in the first aspect

wherein X² is as defined in the fifth aspect and

wherein R²⁰ is as defined in the second aspect

The conditions for the removal of the group R²⁰ will depend on the identity of the R²⁰ group. For example, when R²⁰ is sulfonamide, the compound of formula (V) can be produced by the treatment of the compound of formula (IV) under basic conditions, for instance using sodium hydroxide in water/ethanol.

The ninth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (IV)

wherein Y and Z are as defined in the first aspect

wherein R²⁰ is as defined in the second aspect and

wherein X is as defined in the fifth aspect

The tenth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (VII) comprising the reaction of aldoxime (VI) with selenium dioxide,

wherein R¹¹ is X² or R¹

wherein X² is as defined in the fifth aspect and

wherein R¹ is defined in the first aspect;

wherein R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

It will be appreciated that when R¹¹ is a group as defined for R¹ the process of the tenth aspect provides a compound of formula (III), (i.e. the compound of formula (VII) corresponds to the compound of formula III, wherein Y═N). The tenth aspect of the invention therefore also encompasses a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula III, (Y═N) from the aldoxime of formula (VI).

It will be appreciated that when R¹¹ is a group as defined for X² the process of the tenth aspect of the invention produces a compound of formula (IV) (i.e. a compound of formula (VII) corresponds to the compound of formula IV, Y═N). The tenth aspect of the invention therefore also encompasses a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula IV, (Y═N) from the aldoxime of formula (VI).

The eleventh aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (VI)

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in the tenth aspect, and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group defined in the second aspect of the invention.

The invention encompasses both cis and trans isomers of (VI) and a mixture of isomers of (VI).

The twelfth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (VI) as defined in the eleventh aspect of the invention comprising the reaction of aldehyde (VIII) with hydroxylamine,

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in the tenth aspect and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

The compound of formula (VI) can be generated in situ by the process of the twelfth aspect, and further reacted with selenium dioxide as set out in the tenth aspect. The compound of formula (VII) can therefore be produced from the compound of formula (VI) via the compound of formula (VI) by the reaction of a compound of formula (VIII) with hydroxylamine to give a compound of formula (VI) as set out in the twelfth aspect, followed by the subsequent reaction of the aldoxime (VI) with selenium dioxide to give a compound of formula (VII) as set out in the tenth aspect. Alternatively the compound of formula (VII) can be produced from a compound of formula (VIII) in a “one pot” synthesis under conditions similar to those used by Sosnovsky et al. (Synthesis, 1979, 722).

A compound of formula (VI) may undergo one or more further reactions to provide a different compound of formula (VI). For example, a compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction. In particular, a compound of formula (VI) may undergo a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille (Angew. Chem., Int.ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343), or a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki (Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020).

The thirteenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (VIII)

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in the tenth aspect, and wherein R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

The fourteenth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (VIII) as defined in the thirteenth aspect of the invention by the addition of the R²⁰ group to a compound of general formula (IX).

Conditions for the introduction of the protecting group R²⁰ will depend upon the protecting group used. Compound (VIII) can be produced by the initial formation of the relevant salt, for example by treatment with NaH in DMF, followed by reaction of the salt with an electrophile such as sulfonyl halide, acid chloride. Alternatively a compound of formula (VIII) can be produced by the direct reaction of compound (IX) with an electrophile such as benzensulfonyl halide, preferably benzenesulfonyl chloride. This reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of base (such as sodium hydroxide) and a phase transfer catalyst such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide or tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen sulphate.

A compound of formula (VII) may undergo one or more further reactions to provide a different compound of formula (VIII). For example, a compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction. In particular, a compound of formula (VIII) may undergo a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille (Angew. Chem., Int.ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343), or a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki (Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020).

The fifteenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (IX)

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in the tenth aspect.

The sixteenth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (IX) as defined in the fifteenth aspect of the invention by the reaction of a compound of a formula (X) with hexamethylenetetramine in aqueous propionic acid. Preferably the reaction is carried out under the conditions similar to those used by Robison, M. M. and Robison, B. L. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 457).

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in the tenth aspect, and R³¹ is as defined in the fifth aspect of the invention.

A compound of formula (IX) may undergo one or more further reactions to provide a different compound of formula (IX). For example, a compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction. In particular, a compound of formula (IX) may undergo a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille (Angew. Chem., Int.ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343), or a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki (Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020).

The seventeenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (X)

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in the tenth aspect, and wherein R³¹ is as defined in the fifth aspect of the invention.

The eighteenth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (X) as defined in the seventeenth aspect of the invention by the reaction of a compound of a formula (IX) with a secondary amine and paraformaldehyde.

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in the tenth aspect,

wherein R³¹ is as defined is as defined in the fifth aspect of the invention and HZ² is HCl, HBr, HI, H₂SO₄, HNO₃ or H₃PO₄.

Preferably the formation of the compound of formula (X) is carried out under the conditions similar to those used by Robison, M. M. Robison, B. L. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 457).

A compound of formula (X) may undergo one or more further reactions to provide a different compound of formula (X). For example, a compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction. In particular, a compound of formula (X) may undergo a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille (Angew. Chem., Int.ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343), or a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki (Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419) or Littke et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020).

Methods for producing a compound of formula XI, wherein R¹¹═R¹ are disclosed in GB0207488.8; methods of producing a compound of formula XI, wherein R¹¹═Br are known in the art (Merour and Joseph Current Org. Chem. 2001, 5, 471).

The nineteenth aspect of the invention provides a process for the formation of a compound of formula (IV) by the palladium catalyzed introduction of the group C≡Y—Z into compound (XII).

wherein Y and Z are as defined in the first aspect

wherein R²⁰ is as defined in the second aspect and

wherein X¹ is as defined in the fourth aspect

wherein x² is as defined in the fifth aspect

Preferably the compound of formula (IV) can be produced from a compound of formula (XII) and acetylene H—C≡C—Z by incubation with PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ and CuI.

Preferably R²⁰ is sulfonamide, most preferably benzenesulfonamide.

A method for producing a compound of formula (XII) is disclosed in PCT/GB2004/000944.

The present invention also encompasses a process for manufacturing a compound of the first aspect, the process comprising providing a starting material, which is commercially available or can be produced by a method known in the art, converting the starting material to form an intermediate compound of the third, seventh, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, fifteenth or seventeenth aspects using a process as described above or a process known in the art (and optionally converting the intermediate compound so formed into another intermediate compound) and then converting the intermediate compound into a compound of the first aspect using a process as described above or a process known in the art (and optionally converting the compound of the first aspect so formed into another compound of the first aspect).

Examples of such intermediate compounds of the invention include

The twentieth aspect of the invention provides a composition comprising a compound according to the first aspect of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

The composition may also comprise one or more additional active agent, such as an anti-inflammatory agent (for example a p38 inhibitor, glutamate receptor antagonist, or a calcium channel antagonist), AMPA receptor antagonist, a chemotherapeutic agent and/or an antiproliferative agent.

Suitable carriers and/or diluents are well known in the art and include pharmaceutical grade starch, mannitol, lactose, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, (or other sugar), magnesium carbonate, gelatin, oil, alcohol, detergents, emulsifiers or water (preferably sterile). The composition may be a mixed preparation of a composition or may be a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use (including administration).

The composition according to the invention for use in the aforementioned indications may be administered by any convenient method, for example by oral (including by inhalation), parenteral, mucosal (e.g. buccal, sublingual, nasal), rectal or transdermal administration and the compositions adapted accordingly.

For oral administration, the composition can be formulated as liquids or solids, for example solutions, syrups, suspensions or emulsions, tablets, capsules and lozenges.

A liquid formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the compound or physiologically acceptable salt in a suitable aqueous or non-aqueous liquid carrier(s) for example water, ethanol, glycerine, polyethylene glycol or an oil. The formulation may also contain a suspending agent, preservative, flavouring or colouring agent.

A composition in the form of a tablet can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier(s) routinely used for preparing solid formulations. Examples of such carriers include magnesium stearate, starch, lactose, sucrose and microcrystalline cellulose.

A composition in the form of a capsule can be prepared using routine encapsulation procedures. For example, powders, granules or pellets containing the active ingredient can be prepared using standard carriers and then filled into a hard gelatin capsule; alternatively, a dispersion or suspension can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier(s), for example aqueous gums, celluloses, silicates or oils and the dispersion or suspension then filled into a soft gelatin capsule.

Compositions for oral administration may be designed to protect the active ingredient against degradation as it passes through the alimentary tract, for example by an outer coating of the formulation on a tablet or capsule.

Typical parenteral compositions consist of a solution or suspension of the compound or physiologically acceptable salt in a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous carrier or parenterally acceptable oil, for example polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, lecithin, arachis oil or sesame oil. Alternatively, the solution can be lyophilised and then reconstituted with a suitable solvent just prior to administration.

Compositions for nasal or oral administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, drops, gels and powders. Aerosol formulations typically comprise a solution or fine suspension of the active substance in a physiologically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent and are usually presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container, which can take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device. Alternatively the sealed container may be a unitary dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve, which is intended for disposal once the contents of the container have been exhausted. Where the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser, it will contain a pharmaceutically acceptable propellant. The aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of a pump-atomiser.

Compositions suitable for buccal or sublingual administration include tablets, lozenges and pastilles, wherein the active ingredient is formulated with a carrier such as sugar and acacia, tragacanth, or gelatin and glycerin.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are conveniently in the form of suppositories (containing a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter), pessaries, vaginal tabs, foams or enemas.

Compositions suitable for transdermal administration include ointments, gels, patches and injections including powder injections.

Conveniently the composition is in unit dose form such as a tablet, capsule or ampoule.

The twenty first aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a composition according to the twentieth aspect of the invention. The manufacture can be carried out by standard techniques well known in the art and involves combining a compound according to the first aspect of the invention and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The composition may be in any form including a tablet, a liquid, a capsule, and a powder or in the form of a food product, e.g. a functional food. In the latter case the food product itself may act as the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The twenty-second aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of the first aspect, or a composition of the twentieth aspect, for use in medicine.

The compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of JNK, such as JNK1, JNK2, or JNK3. In particular, the compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of JNK3. Preferably, the compounds of the present invention inhibit JNK3 selectively (i.e. the compounds of the invention preferably show greater activity against JNK3 than JNK1 and 2). For the purpose of this invention, an inhibitor is any compound which reduces or prevents the activity of the JNK enzyme.

The compounds are therefore useful for conditions for which inhibition of JNK activity is beneficial. Thus, preferably, this aspect provides a compound of the first aspect, or a composition of the twentieth aspect of the present invention, for the prevention or treatment of a JNK-mediated disorder. The compounds of the first aspect of the invention may thus be used for the inhibition of JNK, more preferably for the inhibition of JNK3.

A “JNK-mediated disorder” is any disease or deleterious condition in which JNK plays a role. Examples include neurodegenerative disorder (including dementia), inflammatory disease, a disorder linked to apoptosis, particularly neuronal apoptosis, autoimmune disease, destructive bone disorder, proliferative disorder, cancer, infectious disease, allergy, ischemia reperfusion injury, heart attack, angiogenic disorder, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombin induced platelet aggregation and any condition associated with prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase-2. The compounds of the present invention may be used for any of these JNK-mediated disorders.

The compounds of the present invention are particularly useful for the prevention or treatment of a neurodegenerative disorder. In particular, the neurodegenerative disorder results from apoptosis and/or inflammation.

Examples of neurodegenerative disorders are: dementia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Huntington's disease; senile chorea; Sydenham's chorea; hypoglycemia; head and spinal cord trauma including traumatic head injury; acute and chronic pain; epilepsy and seizures; olivopontocerebellar dementia; neuronal cell death; hypoxia-related neurodegeneration; acute hypoxia; glutamate toxicity including glutamate neurotoxicity; cerebral ischemia; dementia linked to meningitis and/or neurosis; cerebrovascular dementia; or dementia in an HIV-infected patient.

The neurodegenerative disorder may be a peripheral neuropathy, including mononeuropathy, multiple mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy. Examples of peripheral neuropathy may be found in diabetes mellitus, Lyme disease or uremia; peripheral neuropathy caused by a toxic agent; demyelinating disease such as acute or chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy, leukodystrophies, or Guillain-Barré syndrome; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to a collagen vascular disorder (e.g. polyarteritis nodosa, SLE, Sjögren's syndrome); multiple mononeuropathy secondary to sarcoidosis; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to a metabolic disease (e.g. diabetes or amyloidosis); or multiple mononeuropathy secondary to an infectious disease (e.g Lyme disease or HIV infection).

The compounds of the invention can also be used to prevent or treat disorders resulting from inflammation. These include, for example, inflammatory bowel disorder, bronchitis, asthma, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, allergies of various types, and possibly Alzheimer's disease. Autoimmune diseases which may also be treated or prevented by the compounds of the present invention include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, glumerulonephritis, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves's disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune haemolytis anaemia, autoimmune neutropaenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis or graft vs host disease.

A compound of the present invention may be administered simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially with one or more other active agent, such as an anti-inflammatory agent e.g. p38 inhibitor, AMPA receptor antagonist, glutamate receptor antagonist, calcium channel antagonist, a chemotherapeutic agent or an antiproliferative agent. For example, for acute treatment, a p38 inhibitor may be administered to a patient prior to administering a compound of the present invention.

The compounds of the invention will normally be administered in a daily dosage regimen (for an adult patient) of,. for example, an oral dose of between 1 mg and 2000 mg, preferably between 30 mg and 1000 mg, e.g. between 10 and 250 mg or an intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular dose of between 0.1 mg and 100 mg, preferably between 0.1 mg and 50 mg, e.g. between 1 and 25 mg of the compound of the formula (I) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof calculated as the free base, the compound being administered 1 to 4 times per day. Suitably the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more.

The twenty-third aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a JNK-mediated disorder in an individual, which method comprises administering to said individual a compound of the first aspect or a composition of the twentieth aspect. The active compound is preferably administered in a cumulative effective amount. The individual may be in need of the treatment or prevention. Any of the JNK-mediated disorders listed above in relation to the twenty-second aspect may be the subject of treatment or prevention according to the twenty-third aspect. One or more other active agent may be administered to the individual simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially to administering the compound. The other active agent may be an anti-inflammatory agent such as a p38 inhibitor, glutamate receptor antagonist, AMPA receptor antagonist, calcium channel antagonist, a chemotherapeutic agent or an antiproliferative agent, but is preferably p38 inhibitor for acute treatment.

The twenty-fourth aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound of the first aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of a JNK-mediated disorder. The medicament may be used for treatment or prevention of any of the JNK-mediated disorders listed above in relation to the twenty-second aspect. Again, the compound of the present invention may be administered simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially with one or more other active agent, preferably a p38 inhibitor for acute treatment.

In the twenty-fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided an assay for determining the activity of the compounds of the present invention. Preferably the assay is for the JNK inhibiting activity of the compound, more preferably it is for the JNK3-specific inhibiting activity of the compounds. The compounds of the invention may be assayed in vitro, in vivo, in silico, or in a primary cell culture or a cell line. In vitro assays include assays that determine inhibition of either the kinase activity or ATPase activity of activated JNK. Alternatively, in vitro assays may quantitate the ability of a compound to bind JNK and may be measured either by radiolabelling the compound prior to binding, then-isolating the inhibitor/JNK complex and determining the amount of the radiolabel bound or by running a competition experiment where new inhibitors are incubated with JNK bound to known radioligands. An example of an assay, which may be used, is Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA), preferably using radiolabelled ATP. Another example is ELISA. Any type or isoform of JNK may be used in these assays.

In the twenty-sixth aspect, there is provided a method of inhibiting the activity or function of a JNK, particularly JNK3, which method comprises exposing a JNK to a compound or a composition of the first or twentieth aspect of the present invention. The method may be performed in a research model, in vitro, in silico, or in vivo such as in an animal model. A suitable animal model may be a kainic acid model in rat or mice, traumatic brain injury model in rat, or MPTP in mice.

All features of each of the aspects apply to all other aspects mutatis mutandis.

The invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 3

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (2).

A mixture of 1 (80.0 mg, 0.159 mmol; prepared as described in GB0305144.8), CuCN (57.0 mg, 0.636 mmol), Pd₂(DBA)₃ (36.0 mg, 0.0397 mmol) and dppf 10 (14.0 mg, 0.0254 mmol) in dioxane (1.0 mL) was microwaved for 30 min at 100° C. The reaction mixture was then purified by silicagel chromatography (SGC) using 15% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluent (gradient elution) to give 2 as an orange solid (41.5 mg, 65%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.02 (s, 6H), 6.81 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 8.74 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

5-(4-Dimethylamino-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (3).

A mixture of 2 (41.5 mg, 0.103 mmol) and 10% aqueous NaOH (2.0 mL) in EtOH (4.0 mL) was heated at 110° C. for 40 min. It was then poured onto water (5 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL) and the combined organic extracts dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative TLC (PTLC) using 5% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane as eluent to give 3 as a light orange solid (14.9 mg, 36%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.06 (s, 6H), 6.86 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (bs, 1H); MS (CI) m/z 304.0 (MH+MeCN).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitors 9, 10, and 12

(5-Bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-dimethyl-amine (5).

A mixture of 5-bromoazaindole 4 (20.0 g, 102 mmol), n-butanol (400 mL), ME₂NHHCl (8.94 g, 110 mmol) and paraformaldehyde (3.40 g) were refluxed (125° C. oil bath) for 40 min, then evaporated to dryness. To the solid residue was added water (200 mL) then conc. HCl (16 mL) dropwise. Ether was added (150 mL) and the mixture stirred then filtered to remove any undissolved solid. The layers were separated, the aqueous layer extracted with more ether (2×150 mL) and basified with solid K₂CO₃ to pH 12. The mixture was cooled in an ice-bath bath and the solid filtered off and washed successively with ice-cold water (3×) and ice-cold ether (3×). Overnight drying under high vacuum gave 5 as a creamy white solid (16.53 g, 64%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+4 drops d₄-MeOH), δ 8.22 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 2.21 (s, 6H).

5-Bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (6).

To a refluxing (oil bath temp. 140° C.) solution of hexamethylenetetramine (8.83 g, 63 mmol) in 66% aqueous propionic acid (31.5 mL) was added a mixture of 5 (16.0 g, 63 mmol) and hexamethylenetetramine (8.83 g, 63 mmol) in 66% propionic acid (47 mL) over 2.5 h. The reflux was continued for 2.5 h, the reaction mixture allowed to cool to room temperature, then poured onto water (220 mL) and the suspension cooled in an ice-bath. The solid was filtered off, washed with ice-cold water (2×), and dried under high vacuum overnight to give 6 as a white solid (11.47 g, 81%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+4 drops d₄-MeOH) δ 9.91 (s, 1H), 8.69 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (7).

To a suspension of 6 (5.0 g, 22.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (130 mL) was added benzenesulfonyl chloride (4.25 mL, 33.3 mmol), tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen sulphate (0.98 g, 2.98 mmol) and 50% aqueous NaOH (4.2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h then poured onto water (500 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (3×200 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×150 mL) and dried (MgSO₄). Concentration produced a white solid which was washed with ether (3×150 mL) to give product 7 as a light orange solid (7.34 g, 91%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+4 drops d₄-MeOH) δ 9.95 (s, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.19 (m, 2H), 7.62 (tt, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (8).

To a refluxing mixture of 7 (6.00 g, 16.4 mmol), CHCl₃ (30 mL), EtOH (12 mL) and NH₂OHHCl (2.28 g, 32.9 mmol) was added dropwise a solution of pyridine (2.66 mL, 32.9 mmol) in CHCl₃ (9 mL). When the addition was complete, a Soxhlet extractor containing MgSO₄ was attached and the refluxing continued for 6 h. Selenium dioxide (2.73 g, 24.6 mmol) was then added portionwise over 1 h during reflux. Each time selenium dioxide was added an exothermic reaction occurred. When the addition was complete the reaction mixture was heated at reflux overnight. More SeO₂ (1.00 g, 9.0 mmol) was added in one portion and the reflux continued for a further 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, sorbent (HM—N, Jones chromatography) added and the solvent evaporated. Purification by means of SGC using dichloromethane:hexane (1:1) (gradient elution) gave the product 8 (3.80 g, 64%) as a white solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.56 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (m, 3H), 8.16 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (tt, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, 7.5 Hz, 2H).

5-(2-Phenoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (9).

A mixture of 8 (40.0 mg, 0.11 mmol), 2-phenoxyphenylboronic acid (35.5 mg, 0.166 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (7.8 mg, 0.011 mmol), LiCl (14.0 mg, 0.33 mmol), 1M Na₂CO₃ (276 μL, 0.28 mmol) in EtOH (0.66 mL) and toluene (0.66 mL) was heated at 105° C. for 0.5 h in a sealed reaction tube. Reaction mixture was separated between ethyl acetate and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organic solutions were concentrated and purified by PILC using ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) as eluent to give 9 as a white solid (13.8 mg, 40%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.80-12.60 (bs, NH), 8.69 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.53 (dd, J=7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dt, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (m, 3H), 7.06 (m, 2H), 6.94 (m, 2H); MS (CI) m/z 352.8 (MH+MeCN).

5-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (10).

Compound 10 was synthesized according to the procedure used for the preparation of 9 using 8 (40.0 mg, 0.11 mmol), 2-fluorophenylboronic acid (23.2 mg, 0.11 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (7.8 mg, 0.011 mmol), LiCl (14.0 mg, 0.33 mmol), 1M Na₂CO₃ (276 mL), EtOH (0.66 mL) and toluene (0.66 mL) with refluxing for 1 h. Obtained 10 (9.9 mg, 38%) as a white solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+4 drops d₄ MeOH) δ 8.54 (t, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (dd, J=2.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dt, J=7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.10 (m, 2H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (11)

A mixture of 8 (50.0 mg, 0.128 mmol), 2-(tributylstannyl)thiophene (88 μL, 0.276 mmol), dichlorobis(acetonitrile)palladium (II) (4.0 mg, 0.0138 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (8.0 mg, 0.0276 mmol) and toluene (1.0 mL) were heated at 90° C. overnight. The mixture was separated by PTLC using ethyl acetate:hexane (3:7) as eluent to give 11 as a white solid (18.3 mg, 36%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.80 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (m, 3H), 8.16 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (tt, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (m, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J=5.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H).

5-Thiophen-2-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitriie (12)

A mixture of 11 (18.3 mg, 50.1 μmol), EtOH (2.0 mL) and 10% aqueous NaOH (1.0 mL) was refluxed (oil bath temp. 105° C.) for 40 min. The mixture was poured onto water (3 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The product was isolated by PILC using dichloromethane:methanol (19:1) as eluent to give 12 as a white solid (7.6 mg, 68%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.30-10.10 (bs, NH), 10.74 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=1.9 Hz, ¹¹H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.16 (dd, J=5.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 16

[1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-(2-phenoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl]-propynoic acid methyl ester (14)

A mixture of iodide 13 (100 mg, 0.181 mmol), methyl propiolate (32 μL, 0.362 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (12.7 mg, 0.0181 mmol), Cul (5.9 mg, 0.0308 mmol) in Et₃N (3.14 mL) was heated at 70° C. overnight. TLC showed presence of starting material so more methyl propiolate (32 μL, 0.362), PdCl₂(PPh₃), (12.7 mg, 0.0181) and Cul (5.9 mg, 0.0308 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture heated at 80° C. for 2.5 h. The solution was decanted off and the solid washed with more Et₃N. The combined solutions were concentrated. The residue was purified by PNLC (3×1 mm plates, 30% ethyl acetate in hexane) to give 14 as an orange solid (35 mg, 38%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.77 (s, 3H), 6.82 (m, 2H), 6.93 (m, 2H), 7.18 (m, 2H), 7.27 (dt, J=8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.60 (m, 4H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (m, 2H), 8.64 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

[5-(2-Phenoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl]-propynoic acid (15)

A mixture of ester 14 (30 mg, 0.059 mmol), EtOH (593 μL) and 10% aq. NaOH (296 μL) was heated at 90° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, concentrated and acidified to pH 5 with 1N HCl. The mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give the crude product 15 (23 mg, 110%) which was used for the subsequent reactions without further purification.

3-[5-(2-Phenoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl]-propynoic acid propylamide (4).

A mixture of acid 15 (21 mg, 0.0593 mmol), n-PrNH₂ (7.0 mg, 0.119 mmol), HOBt (12.0 mg, 0.089 mmol), BOP (34.0 mg, 0.077 mmol), N-ethyldiisopropylamine (15.0 mg, 0.119 mmol) in DMF (1.0 mL) was stirred for 2 h then purified by preparative LCMS (column LUNA 10μ C₁₈(2) 00G4253-V0 250×50 mm) using water—acetonitrile (0.1% AcOH) as eluent (in gradient; flow 80 mL/min) to give pure product 16 (4.0 mg, 17%) as a white solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.80 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.42 (sextet, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (q, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 5.67 (t, J=5.8 Hz, NH), 6.74 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (m, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J=8.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (m, 3H), 7.18 (dt, J=9.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 8.41 (bs, 1H), 10.52 (bs, NH).

[4-(3-Ethynyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]-dimethyl-amine (18).

To a solution of 17 (140 mg, 0.296 mmol; prepared in an analogous way to 14) in THF (13.0 mL) was added 1.0 M tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF (591 μL, 0.591 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. It was then portioned between brine and ethyl acetate and the aqueous layer extracted with more ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by silicagel chromatography using ethyl acetate:hexane (7:3, gradient elution) to give 18 as a light green solid (58 mg, 75%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+6 drops d₄-MeOH) δ 2.94 (s, 6H), 3.17 (s, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (bs, 1H).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 22

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-bromo-3-phenylethynyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (20).

A mixture of iodide 19 (300 mg, 0.647 mmol; preparation disclosed in PCT/GB2004/000944), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (45 mg, 0.064 mmol), CuI (21 mg, 0.110 mmol) and phenylacetylene (142 μL, 1.295 mmol) in Et₃N (11.2 mL) was stirred for 1 h at 80° C. The reaction mixture was then evaporated to dryness and purified by preparative LCMS (column LUNA 10 g C₁₈(2) 00G-4253-V0 250×50 mm) using water—acetonitrile (0.1% AcOH) as eluent (in gradient; flow 80 mL/min) to give the product 20 as a yellow solid (53 mg, 19%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.33-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.52-7.62 (m, 5H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=2.18 Hz, 1H), 8.16-8.21 (m, 2H), 8.50 (d, J=2.17 Hz, 1H).

[4-(1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-phenylethynyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]-dimethyl-amine (21)

A mixture of acetylene 20 (53 mg, 0.121 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenylboronic acid (30 mg, 0.18₂ mmol), PdC₁ ₂(PPh₃)₂ (9.0 mg, 0.012 mmol), LiCl (15 mg, 0.363 mmol) and 1.0 M aq. Na₂CO₃ (300 μL, 0.302 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) and toluene (2 mL) was stirred for 2 h 45 min. at 105° C. The reaction mixture was then poured onto brine (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL) and the combined organic extracts dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative LCMS (column LUNA 10μ C18(2) 00G-4253-V0 250×50 mm) using water—acetonitrile (0.1% AcOH) as eluent (in gradient; flow 80 mL/min) to give product 21 as a yellow solid (36.85 mg, 64%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.01 (s, 6H), 6.82 (d, J=8.82 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.65 (m, 7H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=2.14 Hz, ¹¹H), 8.23 (m, 2H), 8.68 (d, J=2.13 Hz, 1H).

Dimethyl-[4-(3-phenylethynyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]-amine (22)

To sulfonamide 21 (36.9 mg, 0.077 mmol) in EtOH (770 μL) was added 10% aq. NaOH (386 μL) and the reaction mixture heated at 90° C. for 1 h. It was then poured onto water (5 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL) and the combined organic extracts dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative LCMS (column LUNA 10μ C18(2) 00G4253-V0 250×50 mm) using water—acetonitrile (0.1% AcOH) as eluent (in gradient; flow 80 mL/min) to give inhibitor 22 as a white solid (7.3 mg, 28%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.86 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.57-7.62 (m, 5H), 8.24 (d, J=1.87 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=1.80 Hz, 1H), 9.83 (bs, 1H).

Biological activity

JNK1, JNK2, JNK3—SPA assay

-   -   1. Compound is dissolved in DMSO to a convenient concentration         and this is diluted in 10% DMSO to a five times concentrate of         the desired starting concentration (frequently 1:100).     -   2. 10 μl of 500 mM EDTA is added to alternative wells of the         Opti-plate row, which will receive kinase reaction plus DMSO.         This creates the negative control.     -   3. For the JNK2 and JNK3 assay, compounds are prepared in six         2-fold dilutions with water and each concentration is tested in         duplicate. For the JNK1 assay compounds are prepared in four         5-fold dilutions with water which are tested in triplicate.         Controls are treated identically.     -   4. 20 μl per well of each compound concentration is transferred         to an Opti-plate, in duplicate.     -   5. 30 μl (JNK2/3 SPA) or 50 μl (JNK1 SPA) of substrate solution         (25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM magnesium acetate with 3.33 μM ATP         (JNK2/3) or 2 μM ATP (JNK1), approximately 7.5 kBq [γ-³³P] ATP,         GST-c-Jun, in water) is added to each well.

6. 50 μl (JNK2/3 SPA) or 30 μl (JNK1 SPA) of kinase solution (JNK in 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM Mg Acetate) is added to each well. Kinase Kinase per well (μg) GST-c-Jun per well (μg) JNK1 0.25 1 JNK2 0.2 1.2 JNK3 0.16 1.2

-   -   7. The plate is incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature.     -   8. 100 μl of bead/stop solution is added to each well (5 mg/ml         glutathione-PVT-SPA beads, 40 mM ATP in PBS).     -   9. Plates are sealed and incubated for 30 minutes at room         temperature, centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2500 g and counted.     -   10. The IC₅₀ values are calculated as the concentration of the         compound being tested at which the phosphorylation of c-Jun is         decreased to 50% of the control value. Example IC₅₀ values for         the compounds of this invention are given in Table 1.

p38 ELISA

Active p38 kinase (100 ng; Upstate) was added to 2 μg GST-ATF2 substrate (NEB) in 250 mM Hepes pH 7.5/100 mM MgAc/50 μM ATP (final) in the presence or absence of compounds in 50 μl. The mixture was incubated at 30° C. for 1 hour, and then diluted with 200 μl PBS-Tween (0.05%). From this, duplicate volumes of 100 μl were added to a Reacti-Bind glutathione coated plate (Pierce) and incubated for 1 hour. After washing 3 times with PBS-Tween (0.05%), rabbit anti-phospho-ATF2 (Thr71) antibody (NEB) was added at 1:500, and incubated for another hour at room temperature. After 3 additional washes with PBS-Tween (0.05%), 100 μl of anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody (Sigma) was added at 1:1000, the reaction was incubated for a further hour, washed 3 times, and then phosphatase substrate (Sigma) was added (100 μl per well; 3 tablets in 5 ml water). After incubation in the dark at 37° C. for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was transferred to a clear 96 well plate, and the absorbance at 405 nm was read. The IC₅₀ values are calculated as the concentration of the compound being tested at which the phosphorylation of ATF2 is decreased to 50% of the control value. Example IC₅₀ values for the compounds of this invention are given in Table 1 (last column). TABLE 1 IC₅₀ values for selected compounds against JNK3 kinase JNK3 Compound IC₅₀ (nM)

<500

<500

<500

<500 

1. A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl group, Y is N or C and Z is lone electron pair, hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR², (CH₂)_(n)NR² ₂, CO₂R² COR², CONR² ₂, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R²)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in Z is optionally substituted by R³, COR³, SO₂R³or CO₂R³; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R² is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₁₂alkylC₃₋₁₂carbocyclyl or C₁₋₁₂alkylC₃₋₁₂heterocyclyl optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁴, SR⁴, NO₂, CN, NR⁴R⁴, NR⁴COR⁴, NR⁴CONR⁴R⁴, NR⁴COR⁴, NR⁴CO₂R⁴, CO₂R⁴, COR⁴, CONR⁴ ₂, S(O)₂R⁴, SONR⁴ ₂, S(O)R⁴, SO₂NR⁴R⁴, NR⁴S(O)₂R⁴, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁴)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁴ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R² in NR² ₂ may form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted with one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, OR⁵, SR⁵, NO₂, CN, NR⁵, NR⁵COR⁵, NR⁵CONR⁵ ₂, NR⁵COR⁵, NR⁵CO₂R⁵, CO₂R⁵, COR⁵, CONR⁵ ₂, S(O)₂R⁵, SONR⁵ ₂, S(O)R⁵, SO₂NR⁵ ₂, or NR⁵S(O)₂R⁵; and each saturated carbon in the optional ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁶ ₂, ═N—OR⁶, ═NNR⁶COR⁶, ═NNR⁶CO₂R⁶, ═NNSO₂R⁶, or ═NR⁶; wherein R³is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₆₋₁₂ aryl; wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl; wherein R⁵ is hydrogen , C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁷, SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷R⁷, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷R⁷, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, SONR⁷ ₂, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷R⁷, NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁷)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁷ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁷ SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷R⁷, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷R⁷, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷R⁷, NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁷)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁷ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. wherein the optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group in R¹ and Z is optionally and independently fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon atom in R¹ or Z, including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR¹², (CH₂)_(n)NR¹² ₂, OR¹², SR¹², NO₂, CN, NR¹² ₂, NR¹²COR¹², NR¹²CONR¹² ₂, NR¹²COR¹², NR¹²CO₂R¹², CO₂R¹², COR¹², CONR¹² ₂, S(O)₂R¹², SONR¹² ₂, S(O)R¹², SO₂NR¹² ₂, or NR¹²S(O)₂R¹² wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R¹²)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR¹³ ₂, ═N—OR¹³, ═NNR¹³COR¹³, ═NNR¹³CO₂R¹³, ═NNSO₂R¹³, or ═NR¹³; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R¹⁴, COR¹⁴, SO₂R¹⁴ or CO₂R¹⁴; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R¹² is hydrogen , C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵COR¹⁵, NR¹⁵CONR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵COR¹⁵, NR¹⁵CO₂R¹⁵ CO₂R¹⁵, COR¹⁵, CONR¹⁵ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁵, SONR¹⁵ ₂, S(O)R¹⁵, SO₂NR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵S(O)₂R¹⁵, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁵)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁵ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R¹² in NR¹² ₂ may form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted with one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁶ ₂, NR¹⁶COR¹⁶, NR¹⁶CONR¹⁶ ₂, NR¹⁶COR¹⁶, NR¹⁶CO₂R¹⁶, CO₂R¹⁶, COR¹⁶, CONR¹⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁶, SONR¹⁶ ₂, S(O)R¹⁶, SO₂NR¹⁶ ₂, or NR¹⁶S(O)₂R¹⁶; and each saturated carbon in the optional ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR¹⁷ ₂, ═N—OR¹⁷, ═NNR¹⁷COR¹⁷, ═NNR¹⁷CO₂R¹⁷, ═NNSO₂R¹⁷, or ═NR¹⁷; wherein R¹³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁵ SR¹⁵, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵COR¹⁵, NR¹⁵CONR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵COR¹⁵, NR¹⁵CO₂R¹⁵, CO₂R¹⁵, COR¹⁵, CONR¹⁵ ₂,S(O)₂R¹⁵, S(O)R¹⁵, SO₂NR¹⁵R¹⁵, NR¹⁵S(O)₂R¹⁵, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁵)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁵ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R¹⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₆₋₁₂ aryl; wherein R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R¹⁶ is hydrogen , C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁸, SR¹⁸, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CONR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CO₂R¹⁸, CO₂R¹⁸, COR¹⁸, CONR¹⁸ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁸, SONR¹⁸ ₂, S(O)R¹⁸, SO₂NR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸S(O)₂R¹⁸, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁸)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁸ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ carbocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁸, SR¹⁸, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CONR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CO₂R¹⁸, COR¹⁸, COR¹⁸, CONR¹⁸ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁸, S(O)R¹⁸, SO₂NR¹⁸R¹⁸, NR¹⁸S(O)₂R¹⁸, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁸)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁸ may be the same or different and is as defined below; and wherein R¹⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.
 2. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R¹ is preferably a five or six membered carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group wherein the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to one or more unsaturated rings and the carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl or fused rings can be optionally substituted.
 3. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R¹ is optionally substituted phenyl, cyclohexyl, acridine, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, furan, imidazole, indole, isoindole, isoquinoline, isoxazole, isothiazole, morpholine, napthaline, oxazole, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline, quinolizine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiophene, thiazole, thiomorpholine, thianaphthalene, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, or trithiane.
 4. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more of OR¹², NR¹² ₂, SR¹², (CH₂)_(n)OR¹², (CH₂)_(n)NR¹² ₂, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, haloalkyl, NO₂, CN, CO₂R¹², COR¹², CONR¹² ₂, S(O)₂R¹², S(O)R¹² or SO₂NR¹² ₂; wherein R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, heterocyclyl or aryl and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R¹⁴, COR¹⁴, SO₂R¹⁴ or CO₂R¹⁴; wherein R¹⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₆₋₁₂ aryl.
 5. A compound as claimed in claim 1 selected from


6. A process for the production of a compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1,

comprising the conversion of a compound of formula (III) to a compound of formula (I) by the removal of the group R²⁰; wherein R¹ is as defined in claim 1 and R²⁰ is an amino protecting group.
 7. A process as claimed in claim 6 wherein R²⁰ is R³⁰SO₂, R³⁰C(O), (R³⁰)₃Si, R³⁰OCH, (R³⁰)₂NSO₂, R³⁰OC(O), R³⁰(R³⁰O)CH, R³⁰CH₂CH₂, R³⁰CH₂, PhC(O)CH₂, CH₂═CH, ClCH₂CH₂, Ph₃C, Ph₂(4-pyridyl)C, Me₂N, HO-CH₂, R³⁰OCH₂, (R³⁰)SiOCH₂, (R³⁰O)₂CH, t-BuOC(O)CH₂, Me₂NCH₂ or tetrahydropyranylamine, wherein R³⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl.
 8. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein R²⁰ is sulfonamide, and deprotection is carried out under basic conditions.
 9. An intermediate of formula (III)

wherein R¹, Y and Z are is as defined in claim 1 and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim
 7. 10. A process for the production of an intermediate of formula (III)

by the palladium catalyzed introduction of the group C≡Y—Z into compound (II), wherein R¹, Y and Z are as defined in claim 1, R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim 7 and X¹ is F, Cl, Br I or CF₃SO₃.
 11. A process as claimed in claim 10

wherein the compound of formula III, (Y═N) is produced from a compound of formula (II) by incubation with a CuCN, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) and a palladium catalyst wherein R¹, R²⁰ and X¹ are as defined in claim
 10. 12. A process as claimed in claim 10

wherein the compound of formula III, (Y═C) is produced from a compound of formula (II) by incubation with an acetylene derivative H—C≡C—Z, a palladium catalyst and CuI, wherein R¹, R²⁰ and X¹ are as defined in claim 10; and wherein Z is as defined in claim
 1. 13. A process for the production of an intermediate of formula (III)

comprising a a) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with stannane R¹—Sn(R³¹)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with boronic acid or ester R¹—B(OR³²)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with silane R¹—Si(R³³)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst; wherein R¹, Y and Z are as defined in claim 1, X² is a halide and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim 7; wherein each of R³¹ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein each of R³² is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³² groups together form a five, six or seven membered optionally ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group, or wherein R³³ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl F, OH.
 14. A process as claimed in claim 13 wherein R³² is hydrogen or both R³² groups form the group —C(CH₃)₂—C(CH3)₂—.
 15. A process as claimed in claim 13 wherein the palladium catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(Π³—C³H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃ (wherein dba=dibenzylidenacetone) or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 16. A process for the production of a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1,

comprising a a) reaction of a compound of formula (V) with stannane R¹—Sn(R³¹)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst; or b) reaction of a compound of formula (V) with boronic acid or ester R¹—B(OR³²)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalysts; or c) reaction of a compound of formula (V) with silane R¹—Si(R³³)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst, wherein X², R³¹, R³², or R³³ are as defined in claim 13, and wherein R¹, Y and Z are as defined in claim
 1. 17. A process as claimed in claim 16 wherein the palladium catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(Π³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃ (wherein dba=dibenzylidenacetone), or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 18. An intermediate of formula (V)

wherein Y and Z are as defined in claim 1, and wherein X² is as defined in claim
 13. 19. An intermediate of formula (V) as claimed in claim 18 wherein said compound is


20. A process for the production of an intermediate of formula (V)

comprising the conversion of a compound of formula (IV) into a compound of formula (V) by removal of the group R²⁰, wherein Y and Z are as defined in claim 1, X² is as defined claim 13 and R²⁰ is as defined in claim
 7. 21. An intermediate of formula (IV)

wherein Y and Z are as defined in claim 1, wherein X¹² is as defined claim 13 and wherein R²⁰ is as defined in claim
 7. 22. A process for the production of an intermediate of formula (VII)

comprising the reaction of aldoxime (VI) with selenium dioxide, wherein R¹ is X² or R¹; wherein X² is as defined in claim 13 and R¹ is defined in claim 1; and wherein R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim
 7. 23. An intermediate of formula (VI)

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in claim 22, and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim 7 or.
 24. A process for the production of an intermediate of formula (VI)

comprising the reaction of aldehyde (VIII) with hydroxylamine, wherein R¹¹ is as defined in claim 22, and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim
 7. 25. An intermediate of formula (VIII)

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in claim 22, and R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim
 7. 26. A process for the production of an intermediate formula (VIII)

comprising the addition of the R²⁰ group to a compound of general formula (IX) wherein R¹¹ is as defined in claim 22 and wherein R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim
 7. 27. An intermediate of formula (IX)

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in claim
 22. 28. A process for the production of an intermediate of formula (IX)

comprising the reaction of a compound of a formula (X) with hexamethylenetetramine in aqueous propionic acid wherein R¹¹ is as defined in claim 22, and R³¹ is as defined in claim
 13. 29. An intermediate of formula (X)

wherein R¹¹ is as defined in claim 22, and R³¹ is as defined in claim
 13. 30. A process for the production of an intermediate of formula (X)

comprising the reaction of a compound of a formula (XI) with a secondary amine and paraformaldehyde; wherein R¹¹ is as defined in claim 22, R³¹ is as defined in claim 13 and HZ² is HCl, HBr, HI, H₂SO₄, HNO₃ or H₃PO₄.
 31. A process for the production of an intermediate of formula (IV)

by the palladium catalyzed introduction of the group C≡Y—Z into compound (XII), wherein Y and Z are as defined in claim 1, R²⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in claim 7, X¹ is as defined in claim 10 and X² is as defined in claim
 13. 32. A process as claimed in claim 31

wherein the compound of formula (IV, Y═C) is produced from a compound of formula (XII) by incubation with an acetylene derivative H—C≡C—Z, a palladium catalyst and CuI; wherein Y is C and Z, R²⁰, X¹ and X² are as defined in claim
 31. 33. An intermediate selected from


34. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
 35. A composition as claimed in claim 34 further comprising one or more other active agent.
 36. A composition as claimed in claim 35 wherein the composition further comprises an anti-inflammatory agent, an AMPA receptor antagonist, a chemotherapeutic agent and/or an antiproliferative agent. 37-46. (canceled)
 47. A method of treating or preventing a JNK-mediated disorder in an individual, which method comprises administering to said individual a compound as claimed in claim
 1. 48. (canceled)
 49. A method as claimed in claim 47, wherein the disorder is a neurodegenerative disorder, inflammatory disease, a disorder linked to apoptosis, particularly neuronal apoptosis, autoimmune disease, destructive bone disorder, proliferative disorder, cancer, infectious disease, allergy, ischemia reperfusion injury, heart attack, angiogenic disorder, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombin induced platelet aggregation and/or any condition associated with prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase-2.
 50. A method as claimed in claim 49, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder results from apoptosis and/or inflammation.
 51. A method as claimed in claim 49, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is: dementia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Huntington's disease; senile chorea; Sydenham's chorea; hypoglycemia; head and spinal cord trauma including traumatic head injury; acute and chronic pain; epilepsy and seizures; olivopontocerebellar dementia; neuronal cell death; hypoxia-related neurodegeneration; acute hypoxia; glutamate toxicity including glutamate neurotoxicity; cerebral ischemia; dementia linked to meningitis and/or neurosis; cerebrovascular dementia; or dementia in an HIV-infected patient.
 52. A method as claimed in claim 49, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is a peripheral neuropathy, including mononeuropathy, multiple mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy, such as may be found in diabetes mellitus, Lyme disease or uremia; peripheral neuropathy caused by a toxic agent; demyelinating disease such as acute or chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy, leukodystrophies or Guillain-Barré syndrome; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to a collagen vascular disorder; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to sarcoidosis; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to a metabolic disease, or multiple mononeuropathy secondary to an infectious disease.
 53. A method as claimed in claim 48, wherein the disorder is inflammatory bowel disorder; bronchitis; asthma; acute pancreatitis; chronic pancreatitis; allergies of various types; Alzheimer's disease; autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, glumerulonephritis, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves's disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune haemolytis anaemia, autoimmune neutropaenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis or graft vs host disease.
 54. A method as claimed in claim 47, wherein one or more other active agent is administered to the individual simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially to administering the compound.
 55. A method as claimed in claim 54, wherein the other active agent is an anti-inflammatory agent. 56-69. (canceled) 